NepalTelecome General Modal Questions

Subjective type Paper 1                                 4 Marks each

Set A1

Qno 1.Define and explain Center of gravity and Centroid.X  2

Ans  The centroid is purely a geometrical thing. It is the centre of gravity for objects of uniform density. But an object's density can be non-uniform, which will move the centre of gravity away from the centre.Center of mass of any geometrical figure is a point where whole mass of the body concentrates.

Centroid is the geometrical center of a body or an objectBut center of mass lies at mean positions of all particlesLike for center of mass (m1×l1+m2×l2)/(m1+m2).But centroid is like (l1+l2)/2

Qno 2. Define truth table for nand and nor gate with input 0 and 1.

NAND gate

This is a NOT-AND gate which is equal to an AND gate followed by a NOT gate.  The outputs of all NAND gates are high if any of the inputs are low. The symbol is an AND gate with a small circle on the output. The small circle represents inversion.

NOR gate

This is a NOT-OR gate which is equal to an OR gate followed by a NOT gate.  The outputs of all NOR gates are low if any of the inputs are high.

The symbol is an OR gate with a small circle on the output. The small circle represents inversion.

Qno 3. Calculate the maximum and minimum value of a function

Qno 4. Define moment of inertia why is it important for designing machine parts

There are two things in mechanical engineering that we call “moment of inertia.” Both are important for different parts of design of machine parts.

One is the mass moment of inertia. That one represents the resistance to angular acceleration. It requires more torque to get a part of have a higher angular acceleration if it has a high mass MOI.

The other one is area moment of inertia. This one is used in beam bending equations. This one is more of a mathematical characterization of the bending stiffness and bending strength of the cross-sectional area of the beam. This MOI is used in calculating bending stiffness, deflections under load, stresses in the material.

Don’t ever confuse the two. The results could be catastrophic.

o, τ = I α where α is the angular acceleration.

This means that if the angular velocity is increase quickly, then there will be a larger angular acceleration and so a larger torque is required.

Also, if I increases, a larger torque is needed to produce the same angular acceleration.

Also, the rotational kinetic energy = 1/2 I ω2

Now, I depends on the geometry of the mass distribution - if more of the object's mass is distributed further from the centre of rotation, the larger I is. This explains why a skater spins faster when they pull their arms in. because, in doing so, they are reducing their moment of inertia, so, to conserve rotational kinetic energy, their angular velocity increases!

Qno 5. Define Cache memory? Why is it useful in computer system

It's very simple.

Processors are very fast. However, it doesn't gets data on time (directly from the source) and also couldn't load off results (to final destination) on similar speeds.

This means it'll be forced to wait for acquiring data and saving results.

Now why Cache?

Cache is a fast storage. Its aimed is to provide faster access to the data (instructions or work) which might be needed again (& again). So everytime processor needs to access the same data again, it can fetch it from cache which is faster instead of slower ram.

Qno 6.What is the importance of lightning protection in successful operation of telecommunication system Why equipment earthing is important in Nepal Telecome?

Lightning protection is critical to telecommunication system.

These systems contain many thousands of copper wires all very close to each other, the voltage from a direct strike will fuse them together not to mention the devices connected to them.

Without such protection you could operate for a life time and never see a problem however a single event could wipe out the facility and damage local infrastructure.

Then there is the safety of the technicians who work on the equipment. Without high voltage protection would be risking their lives every time they touch the equipment.

Insurance would not cover damages if proper precautions were not taken and in the even of a death the person responsible of the company may be liable.

I would say it is of the up most importance

Qno 7 Determine the fourier series coefficients of

Qno 8 Show the concept of Bar and Pie Diagram

Qno 9 A boat is pulled by two ropes the magnitude and direction will be ??

Qno10 Define and express in an equation Internal Energy Enthalpy and Entropy

Qno 11 Write Short notes on Bridge rectifier and full wave rectifier

Qno 12 Name all layers of OST

Qno 13.In a internal combustion engine why have eight cylinders in an engine

engine has eight half-liter cylinders rather than one big 4-liter cylinder. The main reason is smoothness. A V-8 engine is much smoother because it has eight evenly spaced explosions instead of one big explosion. Another reason is starting torque. When you start a V-8 engine, you are only driving two cylinders (1 liter) through their compression strokes, but with one big cylinder you would have to compress 4 liters instead.

Qno 14 What is the application of laplace and Fourier transform in engineering

The solution of physical problem has been a challenge to the scientist and engineers alike. The analysis of engineering field and solutions of linear differential equations is simplified by use of laplace transform .The laplace transform provides a method of analysing a linear system using algebraic methods. The basic process of analysing a system using laplace transform involves conversion of the system transfer function or differential equation into s-domain , using sdomain to convert input functions, finding an output function by algebraically combing input and transfer functions , using partial functions to reduce the output function to simpler components and conversion of output equation back to time domain. In order for any function of time t ie., f ( t ) to be laplace transformable it must satisfy the following Dirichlet conditions.

Qno 15 Draw the logic diagram for flip flop with its characteristic table

lip-flop or latch is a circuit that has two stable states and can be used to store state information. A flip-flop is a bistable multivibrator. The circuit can be made to change state by signals applied to one or more control inputs and will have one or two outputs. It is the basic storage element in sequential logic. Flip-flops and latches are fundamental building blocks of digital electronics systems used in computers, communications, and many other types of systems.

Qno 16 Explain HDB3 code

The HDB3 code is a bipolar signaling technique (i.e. relies on the transmission of both positive and negative pulses). It is based on Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI), but extends this by inserting violation codes whenever there is a run of 4 or more 0's.

Qno 17 Explain Sampling theorem.What application it has in telecommunication System

In signal processing, sampling is the reduction of a continuous-time signal to a discrete-time signal. A common example is the conversion of a sound wave (a continuous signal) to a sequence of samples (a discrete-time signal).

Qno 18 What are the advantages of oil over air as a cooling medium for the transformer

The coolants used in the transformer are air and oil. In dry type transformer air coolant is used and in oil immersed one, oil is user. In the first said, the heat generated is conducted across the core and windings and is dissipated from the outer surface of the core and windings to the surrounding air. In the next, heat is transferred to the oil surrounding the core and windings and it is conducted to the walls of the transformer tank. Finally the heat is transferred to the surround air by radiation and convection.Oil coolant has two distinct advantages over the air coolants.

• It provides better conduction than the air
• High coefficient of conduction which results in the natural circulation of the oil.

Qno 19 Explain internal combustion engine

an engine which generates motive power by the burning of petrol, oil, or other fuel with air inside the engine, the hot gases produced being used to drive a piston or do other work as they expand.

 

Qno 20 What is zener diode?Explain the I-V characteristics of Zener Diode

The Zener diode is like a general-purpose signal diode. When biased in the forward direction it behaves just like a normal signal diode, but when a reverse voltage is applied to it, the voltage remains constant for a wide range of currents.

Avalanche Breakdown: There is a limit for the reverse voltage. Reverse voltage can increase until the diode breakdown voltage reaches. This point is called Avalanche Breakdown region. At this stage maximum current will flow through the zener diode. This breakdown point is referred as “Zener voltage”.

Fig 1: Zener diode

 

The Zener Diode is used in its "reverse bias". From the I-V Characteristics curve we can study that the zener diode has a region in its reverse bias characteristics of almost a constant negative voltage regardless of the value of the current flowing through the diode and remains nearly constant even with large changes in current as long as the zener diodes current remains between the breakdown current IZ(min) and the maximum current rating IZ(max).

This ability to control itself can be used to great effect to regulate or stabilise a voltage source against supply or load variations. The fact that the voltage across the diode in the breakdown region is almost constant turns out to be an important application of the zener diode as a voltage regulator

Characteristics

Figure 2 shows the current versus voltage curve for a Zener diode. Observe the nearly constant voltage in the breakdown region.

Fig 2: Zener diode characteristic curve

The forward bias region of a Zener diode is identical to that of a regular diode. The typical forward voltage at room temperature with a current of around 1 mA is around 0.6 volts. In the reverse bias condition the Zener diode is an open circuit and only a small leakage current is flowing as shown on the exaggerated plot. As the breakdown voltage is approached the current will begin to avalanche. The initial transition from leakage to breakdown is soft but then the current rapidly increases as shown on the plot. The voltage across the Zener diode in the breakdown region is very nearly constant with only a small increase in voltage with increasing current. At some high current level the power dissipation of the diode becomes excessive and the part is destroyed. There is a minimum Zener current, Iz(min), that places the operating point in the desired breakdown. There is a maximum Zener current, Iz(max), at which the power dissipation drives the junction temperature to the maximum allowed. Beyond that current the diode can be damaged.

Zener diodes are available from about 2.4 to 200 volts typically using the same sequence of values as used for the 5% resistor series –2.4, 2.7, 3.0 3.3, 3.6, 3.9, 4.3, 4.7, 5.1, 5.6, 6.2, 6.8, 7.5, 8.2, 9.1, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, etc. All Zener diodes have a power rating, Pz. From Watt’s law the maximum current is  IZ(MAX)=PZ / VZ. Zener diodes are typically available with power ratings of 0.25, 0.4, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 5 watts although other values are available.

Zener Diode as Voltage Regulators

The function of a regulator is to provide a constant output voltage to a load connected in parallel with it in spite of the ripples in the supply voltage or the variation in the load current and the zener diode will continue to regulate the voltage until the diodes current falls below the minimum IZ(min) value in the reverse breakdown region. It permits current to flow in the forward direction as normal, but will also allow it to flow in the reverse direction when the voltage is above a certain value - the breakdown voltage known as the Zener voltage. The Zener diode specially made to have a reverse voltage breakdown at a specific voltage. Its characteristics are otherwise very similar to common diodes. In breakdown the voltage across the Zener diode is close to constant over a wide range of currents thus making it useful as a shunt voltage regulator.

The purpose of a voltage regulator is to maintain a constant voltage across a load regardless of variations in the applied input voltage and variations in the load current. A typical Zener diode shunt regulator is shown in Figure 3. The resistor is selected so that when the input voltage is at VIN(min) and the load current is at IL(max) that the current through the Zener diode is at least Iz(min). Then for all other combinations of input voltage and load current the Zener diode conducts the excess current thus maintaining a constant voltage across the load. The Zener conducts the least current when the load current is the highest and it conducts the most current when the load current is the lowest.

Fig 3: Zener diode shunt regulator

If there is no load resistance, shunt regulators can be used to dissipate total power through the series resistance and the Zener diode. Shunt regulators have an inherent current limiting advantage under load fault conditions because the series resistor limits excess current.    

Qno 21 Write short notes of photo volcanic cell

When light energy strikes the solar cell, electrons are knocked loose from the atoms in the semiconductor material. If electrical conductors are attached to the positive and negative sides, forming an electrical circuit, the electrons can be captured in the form of an electric current -- that is, electricity

Qno 22 Explain confidence limit of sampling

Qno 23 State newtons three laws of motion

Newton's First Law of Motion states that an object in motion tends to stay in motion unless an external force acts upon it.

Newton's Second Law of Motion states that when a force acts on an object, it will cause the object to accelerate.

Newton's Third Law of Motion states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Qno 24 Explain the BUS structure of Computer System with appropriate diagram

CPU load, and provided better overall system performance.

Qno 25 Difference between the diesel and petrol engine

S.No	Petrol Engine	Diesel Engine
1.	The petrol engine works on Otto cycle i.e. on constant volume.	The diesel engine works on diesel cycle i.e. on constant pressure.
2.	The air and petrol are mixed in the carburetor before they enter into the cylinder.	The fuel is fed into the cylinder by a fuel injector and is mixed with air inside the cylinder.
3.	The petrol engine compresses a mixture of air and petrol which is ignited by an electric spark.	The diesel engine compresses only a charge of air and ignition is done by the heat of compression.
4.	Compression ratio is low.	Compression ratio is higher in diesel engine.
5.	Less power is produced due to lower compression ratio.	Due to higher compression ratio more power is produced.
6.	Petrol engine is fitted with a spark plug	It is fitted with a fuel injector.
7.	Burns fuel that has high volatility.	Burns fuel that has low volatility.
8.	They are used in light vehicles which requires less power Eg: car, jeep, motorcycle, scooters etc.	They are used in heavy vehicles which require high power. Eg: bushes, trucks, locomotive etc.
9.	Fuel consumption in petrol engine is high.	Fuel consumption in diesel engine is less.
10.	Lighter	Heavier
11.	Petrol engine requires frequent overhauling.	Overhauling of diesel engine is done after a long time.
12.	Lesser starting problem.	Greater starting problem.
13.	Lower initial cost.	Higher initial cost.
14.	Lower maintenance cost.	Higher maintenance cost.

Qno 26 Explain the output characteristics of JEFT

Output characteristic V-I curves of a typical junction FET.

The voltage VGS applied to the Gate controls the current flowing between the Drain and the Source terminals. VGS refers to the voltage applied between the Gate and the Source while VDS refers to the voltage applied between the Drain and the Source.

Because a Junction Field Effect Transistor is a voltage controlled device, “NO current flows into the gate!” then the Source current ( IS ) flowing out of the device equals the Drain current flowing into it and therefore ( ID = IS ).

Qno 27 Describe about virtual memory.How is it useful for computer processing

Virtual memory is a memory management capability of an OS that uses hardware and software to allow a computer to compensate for physical memory shortages by temporarily transferring data from random access memory (RAM) to disk storage.

Qno 28 Qestion of probability

Qno 29 Explain about the necessity of modulation in computer suystem

In electronics and telecommunications, modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with amodulating signal that typically contains information to be transmitted.

Qno 30 Write down characteristics of operational Amplifier

n ideal op-amp is usually considered to have the following characteristics:

• Infinite open-loop gain G = vout / v. ...
• Infinite input impedance Rin, and so zero input current.
• Zero input offset voltage.
• Infinite output voltage range.
• Infinite bandwidth with zero phase shift and infinite slew rate.
• Zero output impedance

QNo 30 Explain about the free body diagram

Free-body diagrams are diagrams used to show the relative magnitude and direction of all forces acting upon an object in a given situation. A free-body diagram is a special example of the vector diagrams that were discussed in an earlier unit. These diagrams will be used throughout our study of physics.

Qno 31 Write down the difference between RAM and ROM

RAM is Random Access Memory.

ROM is Read Only Memory.

RAM is the memory available for the operating system, programs and processes to use when the computer is running.  

ROM is the memory that comes with your computer that is pre-written to hold the instructions for booting-up the computer.

RAM requires a flow of electricity to retain data (e.g. the computer powered on).

ROM will retain data without the flow of electricity (e.g. when computer is powered off).

RAM is a type of volatile memory. Data in RAM is not permanently written. When you power off your computer the data stored in RAM is deleted.

ROM is a type of non- volatile memory. Data in ROM is permanently written and is not erased when you power off your computer.

There are different types of RAM, including DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) and SRAM (Static Random Access Memory).

There are different types of ROM, including PROM(programmable read-only memory) that is manufactured as blank memory (e.g. a CD-ROM) and EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory).

Qno 32 How stand alone solar power system can be used for tellecommunication equipment

QNo 33 A person writes 6 letter what are the chances that the servant posts letter  in wrong envelop

Electrical

Qno 34 What is the probability of selecting a black card or a 6 from a deck of 52 cards

No 35 Differentiate betweeen Dynamic and kinematic viscosity

iscosity is defined as a fluid’s resistance to flow, or the fluid’s resistance to deform when subjected to a force.

Dynamic viscosity is usually reported in Centipoise (cP) and Brookfield rotary method is useful for it measurement.

Kinematic viscosity is traditionally measured by noting the time taken for a fluid sample to travel through an orifice in a capillary under the force of gravity. The time taken is noted and converted into Kinematic Viscosity, reported in Centistoke units (cSt).

Dynamic Viscosity (cP) = Kinematic Viscosity (cSt) x Fluid Density (kg/m3

Qno 36 State and explain Newtons Law and equation of motion

The second law explains how the velocity of an object changes when it is subjected to an external force. The law defines a force to be equal to change in momentum (mass times velocity) per change in time

Qno 37 Numerical Electrical In a two branch electrical circuit containing 20ohm resistance in each branch and a 10 V source compute the current flowing in each branch

Qno 38 What are different type of memories in computer system?Explain the difference buses found in a motherboard

Primary Memory

Is part of the main computer system. All the information that CPU use, is stored and accessible from the primary memory. This implies that all the information stored in a primary memory is easily accessible i.e, Readable and writable through CPU.

Primary memory itself is classified into two categories.

These two categories are RAM (random access memory) and ROM (read only memory).

RAM

RAM is a type of memory which is readable and writable. CPU can read and write the information to this primary storage area through RAM. RAM is further classified as DRAM (Dynamic random access memory), RDRAM (Rambus DRAM), SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM), DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM), DDR2 SDRAM(Double Data Rate SDRAM) etc.

The ability to read and write makes it more useful but slightly slower in response.

ROM

The other part of primary storage is just readable ( Read Only Memory ). No changes can be brought in that part of primary memory through CPU. Rom is faster than RAM. The inability of re-writing the ROM memory makes it faster.

Here is the picture of ROM that is installed on the motherboard.

Types of computer memory – Other types

The other types of memory in a computer called secondary memory.

Secondary Memory

is slow and the cheapest form of memory. CPU cannot process this memory directly, to do any processing on this memory, firstly it has to be copied into the primary memory. It stores data permanently as long as it is not being erased from the memory.

Although, I don’t believe it is used any long, but a floppy disk is one of the types of memory. Others examples are the hard disk, CD, DVD, USB drives and memory cards etc.

Hard Disk

Hard disk or hard drive can store a large capacity of data. Its range is from 80GB to Terabytes now. The hard drive is actually made of many magnetic plates, and all the data is stored on these plates. It is a much faster form of secondary memory, it can store data in terabytes. Hard drives are one of the important hardware in our desktop/laptop computers.  It is responsible for storing all the files including operating system of the computers.

Compact Disk or CD

A CD (Compact Disk) can store up to 750 MB of data. On CD, data is stored in the pattern of tracks. DVD( Digital Versatile Disk) can store about 4.6 GB of data and information. All these drives are readable and writable, which mean that the data stored on it can be removed anytime and new data can be added using combo CD-RW/DVD-ROM.

Blue ray has recently gone popular among movie enthusiasts. It offers the highest Quality of Video playback, and it requires blue ray compatible CD player.

Removable Hard disk / USB

USB and Portable Hard Drive are the most popular and most commonly used secondary memory types for the computer these days. The sole purpose of a removable hard drive is to easily transfer data from one computer to other. If a file is of large size and emailing it or uploading it to a cloud doesn’t interest you, then these drives can come in handy. Larger files can be easily transferred to these drives and can be accessed, edited or deleted.

Besides all that mentioned above, here are few more types to be read.

Virtual Memory

Virtual memory is an internal computer memory. It is used when the amount of data that has to be stored is much larger than the capacity of RAM. The operating system stores the excessive data on hard drive temporarily and removes it from the disk when there is enough RAM space is available to keep the operations of OS runs smoothly. Virtual memory effects the speed of processing data when it is compared to the RAM.

Cache Memory

Cache memory is used between CPU and RAM so that most frequently used data or instructions can be handled and executed. Cache memory is further divided into 3 levels. Level 1 is primary and is close to the processor. It uses most frequently used data. Level 2 is close to processor and motherboard. Level 3 is most advanced and speedy. This is also utilised to help in the execution of frequently used data.

Volatile Memory

Volatile memory is a computer memory that needs the power to maintain the storage of information on it. Dynamic RAM is a kind of volatile memory because it works as long as CPU is connected with electric power. It is because dynamic RAM needs the power to prevent loss of data. The moment when the power is turned off, all the data stored in this tempory memory is erased automatically.

Non-Volatile Memory

Non-volatile memory is the type of memory in computer which retains the information even after the loss of electric supply. ROM, flash memory, hard disk, magnetic tapes etc come under this type of memory.

Qno 39What do you mean by system buses ? Explain the different internal buses found in a motherboard

A system bus is a single computer bus that connects the major components of a computer system, combining the functions of a data bus to carry information, an address bus to determine where it should be sent, and a control bus to determine its operation

Qno 40 How does centrifugal pump impart pressure energy to the fluid?Indicate the mechanism involved PEformance characteristics of centrifugal pumps

Centrifugal pumps are used to transport fluids by the conversion of rotational kinetic energy to the hydrodynamic energy of the fluid flow. The rotational energy typically comes from an engine or electric motor

Q no 41 What is eddy current loss in a transformer?Mention at least two options to minimize eddy current loss with justificationpri

• The magnetic field surrounding a coil which is carrying AC current varies with time.
• This varying magnetic field induces voltages in nearby conductive material like metal equipment cabinets, transformer cores and so on. The resulting current is known as Eddy current.
• The currents flow in a circular manner like eddies in the brook, so they are called as eddy current.
• They create unwanted  power loss which is known as eddy current loss.
• Additional power is required from the supply to make up this loss
• Under such conditions, the use of lamination sheets are not enough.
• For this type of application, ferrite cores or iron dust cores are used. Using these materials, the eddy currents are limited to individual grains, so the eddy current loss is reduced considerably.

Computer

Solcve the differential equation with the given conditions

Illustriate the concept of free body diagram with suitable examples

State kelvin plancks law with necessary dervations

The Kelvin–Planck statement (or the heat engine statement) of the second law of thermodynamics states that it is impossible to devise a cyclically operating device, the sole effect of which is to absorb energy in the form of heat from a single thermal reservoir and to deliver an equivalent amount of work.[1] This implies that it is impossible to build a heat enginethat has 100% thermal efficiency

Three loads each of 30om are connected to a 415 v 3 phase supply determinr rh The system Phase Voltage B)The Phase Current

Q  What is microprocessor differentiate between a Microprocessor and a microcontroller

A microprocessor is a computer processor which incorporates the functions of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC), or at most a few integrated circuits.

Microprocessor	Micro Controller
Microprocessor is heart of Computer system.	Micro Controller is a heart of embedded system.
It is just a processor. Memory and I/O components have to be connected externally	Micro controller has external processor along with internal memory and i/O components
Since memory and I/O has to be connected externally, the circuit becomes large.	Since memory and I/O are present internally, the circuit is small.
Cannot be used in compact systems and hence inefficient	Can be used in compact systems and hence it is an efficient technique
Cost of the entire system increases	Cost of the entire system is low
Due to external components, the entire power consumption is high. Hence it is not suitable to used with devices running on stored power like batteries.	Since external components are low, total power consumption is less and can be used with devices running on stored power like batteries.
Most of the microprocessors do not have power saving features.	Most of the micro controllers have power saving modes like idle mode and power saving mode. This helps to reduce power consumption even further.
Since memory and I/O components are all external, each instruction will need external operation, hence it is relatively slower.	Since components are internal, most of the operations are internal instruction, hence speed is fast.
Microprocessor have less number of registers, hence more operations are memory based.	Micro controller have more number of registers, hence the programs are easier to write.
Microprocessors are based on von Neumann model/architecture where program and data are stored in same memory module	Micro controllers are based on Harvard architecture where program memory and Data memory are separate
Mainly used in personal computers	Used mainly in washing machine, MP3 players

Q Define an algorithm along with its important characteristics.Differentiate between the series and  parallel interfaces

10 marks

QQDifine and differentiate between laminar and turbulent flow

Laminar Flow: the flow of a fluid when each particle of the fluid follows a smooth path, paths which never interfere with one another. One result of laminar flow is that the velocity of the fluid is constant at any point in the fluid. Turbulent Flow: irregularflow that is characterized by tiny whirlpool regions.

QQ Explain the bernaulli equation along with its mathematical expessions.List the assumptions used in BErnaullies Equation

n fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy.

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/a/what-is-bernoullis-equation

QQWhy earthing and shielding are necessary for a telecome equipment?What are the techniques for earthing Schielidning and lightening protections

The effective lightning protection system which eliminates the above risks must be designed to:

• Intercept lightning flash (i.e. create a preferred point of strike),
• Conduct the strike to ground safely through purpose designed down conductors,
• Dissipate the lightning energy into the ground with minimum rise in ground potential,
• Eliminate ground loops and hazardous potential differentialsbetween LPS, structure and internal elements/circuits by creating low impedance, equipotential ground system,
• Protect equipment from surges and transients on incoming power lines to prevent equipment damage and costly operational downtime,
• Protect equipment from surges and transients on incoming telecommunications and signal lines to prevent equipment damage and costly operational downtime,
• Not cause thermal or mechanical damage to the structure,
• Not cause sparking which may cause fire or explosion,
• Limit step and touch voltages to control the risk of injury to occupants.

Types of Conventional Lightning Protection System

The Conventional Lightning Protection System includes (2) different types as follows:

• Franklin Rod LPS,
• Franklin/Faraday Cage LPS.

2- Types of Non-Conventional Lightning Protection System

The Conventional Lightning Protection System includes (2) different types as follows:

1- Active Attraction LPS, which includes:

• Improved single mast system (Blunt Ended Rods),
• Early streamer Emission System.

2- Active Prevention/Elimination LPS, which includes:

• Charge Transfer System (CTS),
• Dissipation Array System (DAS).

Electonics

FInd the equation of circle that has a center(2,2) at and goes through the point (-4.4)

QQDefine Boyles and Charles Law of gases.The froude number of a flow in a rectangular channel

Charles's law states that volume and temperature are directly proportional to each other as long aspressure is held constant. Boyle's law asserts that pressure and volume are inversely proportional to each other at fixed temperatureis

0.8.If the depth of flow is 1.5m,determine the critical depth of flow

What is the importance of thermal circuits analogy to electrical circuits in heat transfer problems

What is the application of fourier and laplace transform in Engineering.State

Whatis RS 232 ?Write down the pin function of Rs 232

Differentiate between phase shift keying and Frequency shift keying

Describe the term Enthalpy,Refrigeration system heat transfer and types of heat transfe with their applications

List the ideal characteristics of Om-amp.How do you get summing function by using Op-Amp?

Set A2

Q no 1.What are the purposes of bid security and performance bond.How does these differ

Qno 2.Explain the importance of handling conflicts

Qno 3.What do you understand by stratigic management

Qno 4. Kasto case ma karmachari ko talab vatta increase rokina sakcha

Qno 5.What do you understand by resource levelling?Does it differ from resource planning?How

Qno 6.Difference between Leader and Manager

Qno 7 Kasto awastha ma bin abolpatra malsaman kharid garna sakincha

Qno 8 Karmachari Sewa Sarta Ka pramukh char ota Bisesata  K K hun

Qno 9 What are the major managerial qualities of a leader

Qno 10 Kasta kam Garema Khrab acharad gareko manine

Qno 11 Explain the concept of letter of credit?Explain briefly its types what is FOB and CIF

Qno 12 What are the measurements of project success?

Qno 13 What are the basic differences between PERT and CPM
Qno 14 Ledership has no title Explain

Qno 15 What is conflict ? Explain the causes of conflict and apreciate to conflict resolution in brief

Qno 16 Define engineering economy and explain how the engineering economic analysis is performed

Qno 17 Bida parwa ka barema lekhnuhos

QNo 18Write down criteria for selection of project among different alternatives

Qno 19 Explain the management information System

Qno 20 Emplyee le palan garnu parne anusasan ko barema lekha

Qno 21 Suchana prabidhi niti ko bare

Qno 17 Why there is a need to control inventory?Justify with reasons

Qno 23What is the difference between straight line method and declining method of depreciation?

Qno 24 B Write down the concept of opportunity cosr with suitable illustration

Qno 25 Write briefly the different stages of a project life cycle

Computer

Differntiate between PERT and CPM with suitable examples

Is conflict always detrumental?Give your opinion with reasons

What are the components of Maketing intelligence system ?Give your opinion with reasons

Define the following

1 Free on Board 2 Invoice 3 Letter of credit 4competitive bidding

Electornics

How does network analysis helps to effective implementation of development projects?Discuss

How does budget help in financial planning and control?Explain

Mention the working policies adopted by the government for unversal access to telecome sevice

Define shadow price with illustration

How does conflict arrise in an organiation?What are the different methods od managing conflicts {  10marks }

                           

SET B Long Questions 10Marks Eac

Qno 1.What are the advantages of full wave rectifier as compared to half wave rectifiers.Describe the working of uninterrupted power Supply

Qno 2 What do you mean  by internet//

Qno3 How Nepal Telecome can reduce cost and increase efficiency in service delivery ? Explain with suitable example

Qno 4 What are the factors affecting earth resistance?

Qno 5.Define frequency modulation.Explain with schemetic diagram the differences between PSK and FSK

Qno 6.What is the role of material management in completion of project in time?
Qno 7 Draw the block diagram of a computer system showing adress,data and control bus structures.List out different data adressing modes.

Draw the block diagram of computer architecture .Explain about the types of memory used in comp

Qno 8 Explain in details the provisioning of back up power system in telecommunication system operation.On what basis and assumption the back up power systems are dimensioned

Qno 9 Prabhidjil sudhar bare bibechana lekhnuhos

Qno 10 Define Earth and explain earthing lighting protection and Surge Protection system

Qno 11 Define Entropy and enthalpy.What is potential and kinetic energy?Explain in detail zeroth first and second law of thermodynamics

Qno 12What is Customer Relation Management (CRM) ?Explain the challenges that have beem facing by nepal telecome for its Effective delivery

Qno 13 Write down the difference between single phase and three phase power supply system.Explain about ON LINE UPS used in telle communication system?

Q no 14.Apnaunu parne nitti tatha karyakram

Qno 15 Why air condition required for tellecommuniation equipment.Explain the operation of air condition

Qno 16 Draw and explain the block diagram of tellecommunication power system.What is the assumption considered while designing tellecommunication power system

Qno17 Write briefly your analysis on telecommuinication policy of nepal.In your opinion what should be the role of government and private sector towards successful implementaion of telecome policy of Nepal.

A management information system (MIS) is a computerized database of financial information organized and programmed in such a way that it produces regular reports on operations for every level of management in a company.

QNo 18 What is Management Information System(MSI)?How does it help to sttengthen managerial capability in an organization ? Explain